有些同学可能听过这样一种说法:英文里,并列连词(Coordinating conjunctions)是不能出现在句子开头的。说的简单一点,就是But/And/So不能在句首出现,应该替换为However/Additionally/Therefore。因为连词要前后连接2套主谓宾,如果在句首是连词,无法满足连接2套主谓宾的要求。但是,我们又会发现,在GRE和TOEFL阅读中,But和And在句首出现的情况并不少见。
今天我们用TOEFL Official Guide中的Writer’s Handbook for English Language Learners一章的内容,为大家回答“写作中,But/And/So用在句首到底对不对?”
ETS官方结论如下:
① 并列连词在句子中(In the middle of a sentence)可以有效地将思想连接在一起。(在句中,but/and/so没有问题。)
② 但是,在学术写作中,尽量避免将它们用在句首(Try to avoid using them to begin sentences)。(在句首,But/And/So尽量不要使用。)
当然,ETS在得出结论之前进行了论述:并列连词用在句首是可以的,但是过多使用(Overuse),会让文章支离破碎(Choppy)。
大家可以对比下面两段话:
【段落1】Baseball is the great American sport. And, it is thought of as a summer pasttime. So as soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. And soon they form teams and play each other.
【段落2】Baseball, the great American sport, is thought of as a summer pasttime. As soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. Soon, they form teams and play each other.
在去掉【段落1】句首的并列连词后,文章变得更加连贯和清爽。
至于GRE和TOEFL考试中句首出现的But/And/So,通常是下面的情况:前一句话过长,中间用句号断开,后面用But/And/So开头,这会让句子变得清楚。比如线下325课程中出现的一个小段落:
These?researchers?also?claim?that?improvements?of?memory?overnight?can?be?explained?by?the? mere? passage?of?time,?rather?than?attributed?to? sleep.?But?recent?studies?of?memory?performance?after?sleep?—?including?one?demonstrating?that? sleep?stabilizes?declarative?memories?from?future?interference caused?by?mental?activity?during? wakefulness?— make?this?claim?unsustainable.? Certainly?there?are memory?consolidation processes? that occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither? depend on nor are enhanced by sleep.
第一句其实是让步语气,而第二句是转折。本来这两句话应该连在一起,中间由but连接。但是But引导的句子实在太长,于是就改成But单独引导一句话了。ETS写句子的能力要远比我们强的多的多。
为了照顾我们,在一个长句之后,接一个句首是But/And/So的句子,读起来更容易理解。但是,我们自己写不了那么长的句子,就不要在句首用But/And/So了。
总结一下:
① 我们在写作的时候,尽量避免But/And/So在句首使用。
② 如果But/And/So前面的句子短,我们可以改成小写的“but”, “and”和“so”。
③ 如果But/And/So前面的句子长,我们可以用However,Additionally和Therefore来替换。
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