• Volumetric analysis?is a process that uses the volume and concentration of one chemical reactant (a standard solution) to determine the concentration of another unknown solution
• The technique most commonly used is a?titration
• The volumes are measured using two precise pieces of equipment, a?volumetric?or?graduated pipette?and a?burette

Equipment used to measure volumes precisely in titrations

• Burettes?are usually marked to a precision of 0.10 cm3
  • Since they are analogue instruments, the uncertainty is recorded to?half?the smallest marking, in other words to ±0.05 cm3

   

• The?stoichiometric?point?or?equivalence point?occurs when the two solutions have reacted completely and is shown with the use of an?indicator

The steps in a titration

• The steps in a titration are:
  • Measuring a known volume (usually 20 or 25 cm3) of one of the solutions with a?volumetric?or?graduated pipette?and placing it into a?conical flask
  • The other solution is placed in the?burette
  • A few drops of the?indicator?are added
  • The tap on the?burette?is carefully opened and the solution added, portion by portion, to the?conical flask?until the?indicator?just changes colour(this is the?end point)
  • Multiple trials are carried out until?concordant?results are obtained

   

• Titration calculations are used to find the concentration of unknown solutions
• They can also be used to calculate the pH after a given point during a titration

Answer

Step 1:?Find the number of moles of acid

moles of acid = concentration x volume in dm3

moles of acid = 0.05 x 25/1000 = 1.25 x 10-3?mol

Step 2:?Deduce the number of moles of alkali

The equation for the reaction shows the mole ratio is 1:1

HCl?(aq) + NaOH (aq)??→?NaCl?(aq) + H2O (l)

∴ moles of alkali? = 1.25 x 10-3?mol

Step 3:?Work out the concentration of the alkali

concentration = moles/volume in dm3

concentration = 1.25 x 10-3/0.0085 =?0.15 mol dm-3

Answer

Step 1:?Find the number of moles of acid

moles of acid = concentration x volume in dm3

moles of acid = 0.15 x 25/1000 =?3.75 x 10-3?mol

Step 2:?Deduce the number of moles of alkali added

The equation for the reaction shows the mole ratio is 1:1

HCl?(aq) + NaOH (aq)??→?NaCl?(aq) + H2O (l)

moles of alkali added = 0.10 x 45/1000 =? 4.50 x 10-3?mol

∴ moles of alkali in excess = (4.50 x 10-3- 3.75 x 10-3) =?7.5 x 10-4?mol

Step 3:?Work out the concentration of the alkali

concentration = moles/volume in dm3

concentration = 7.5 x 10-4/0.070 =?0.0107 mol dm-3

Step 4:?Use?Kw?to find the concentration of H+

Kw?= [H+][OH-]

[H+] =?Kw?/[OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14/0.0107 =?9.35 x 10-13

Step 5:?Find the pH

-log[H+] = -log(9.35 x 10-13)

pH =?12.03