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USACO 2022 US Open Contest, Platinum Problem 1. 262144 Revisited

Category: 国际竞赛, 计算机国际竞赛 Date: 2022年7月5日下午6:28

USACO 2022 US Open Contest, Platinum Problem 1. 262144 Revisited

Bessie likes downloading games to play on her cell phone, even though she does find the small touch screen rather cumbersome to use with her large hooves.

She is particularly intrigued by the current game she is playing. The game starts with a sequence of? $N$ ?positive integers? $a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{N}$ ?( $2 \leq N \leq 262, 144$ ), each in the range? $1 \dots 10^{6}$ . In one move, Bessie can take two adjacent numbers and replace them with a single number equal to one greater than the maximum of the two (e.g., she might replace an adjacent pair? $(5, 7)$ ?with an? $8$ ). The game ends after? $N - 1$ ?moves, at which point only a single number remains. The goal is to?minimize?this final number.

Bessie knows that this game is too easy for you. So your job is not just to play the game optimally on? $a$ , but for every contiguous subsequence of? $a$ .

Output the sum of the minimum possible final numbers over all? $\frac{N (N + 1)}{2}$ ?contiguous subsequences of? $a$ .

INPUT FORMAT (input arrives from the terminal / stdin):

First line contains? $N$ .The next line contains? $N$ ?space-separated integers denoting the input sequence.

OUTPUT FORMAT (print output to the terminal / stdout):

A single line containing the sum.

SAMPLE INPUT:

6
1 3 1 2 1 10

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

There are? $\frac{6 \cdot 7}{2} = 21$ ?contiguous subsequences in total. For example, the minimum possible final number for the contiguous subsequence? $[1, 3, 1, 2, 1]$ ?is? $5$ , which can be obtained via the following sequence of operations:

original    -> [1,3,1,2,1]
combine 1&3 -> [4,1,2,1]
combine 2&1 -> [4,1,3]
combine 1&3 -> [4,4]
combine 4&4 -> [5]

Here are the minimum possible final numbers for each contiguous subsequence:

final(1:1) = 1
final(1:2) = 4
final(1:3) = 5
final(1:4) = 5
final(1:5) = 5
final(1:6) = 11
final(2:2) = 3
final(2:3) = 4
final(2:4) = 4
final(2:5) = 5
final(2:6) = 11
final(3:3) = 1
final(3:4) = 3
final(3:5) = 4
final(3:6) = 11
final(4:4) = 2
final(4:5) = 3
final(4:6) = 11
final(5:5) = 1
final(5:6) = 11
final(6:6) = 10

SCORING:

Test cases 2-3 satisfy? $N \leq 300$ .
Test cases 4-5 satisfy? $N \leq 3000$ .
In test cases 6-8, all values are at most? $40$ .
In test cases 9-11, the input sequence is non-decreasing.
Test cases 12-23 satisfy no additional constraints.

Problem credits: Benjamin Qi

USACO 2022 US Open Contest, Platinum Problem 1. 262144 Revisited 题解(翰林国际教育提供，仅供参考)

题解请注册或登录查看

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(Analysis by Benjamin Qi)

I will refer to contiguous sequences as?intervals. Define the?value?of an interval to be the minimum possible final number it can be converted into.

Subtask 1:?Similar to?248,?we can apply dynamic programming on ranges. Specifically, if? $d p [i] [j]$ ?denotes the value of interval? $i \dots j$ , then

d p [i] [j] = {A a i min i \leq k < j max (d p [i] [k], d p [k + 1] [j]) + 1 i = j i < j .

The time complexity is? $O (N^{3})$ .

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

template <class T> using V = vector<T>;
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)

template <class T> void ckmin(T &a, const T &b) { a = min(a, b); }

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	int N;
	cin >> N;
	V<int> A(N);
	for (int &x : A) cin >> x;
	V<V<int>> dp(N, V<int>(N));
	for (int i = N - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
		dp.at(i).at(i) = A.at(i);
		for (int j = i + 1; j < N; ++j) {
			dp[i][j] = INT_MAX;
			for (int k = i; k < j; ++k) {
				ckmin(dp.at(i).at(j),
					  max(dp.at(i).at(k), dp.at(k + 1).at(j)) + 1);
			}
		}
	}
	int64_t ans = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
		for (int j = i; j < N; ++j) {
			ans += dp.at(i).at(j);
		}
	}
	cout << ans << "\n";
}

Subtask 2:?We can optimize the solution above by more quickly finding the maximum? $k^{'}$ ?such that? $d p [i] [k^{'}] \leq d p [k^{'} + 1] [j]$ . Then we only need to consider? $k \in {k^{'}, k^{'} + 1}$ ?when computing? $d p [i] [j]$ . Using the observation that? $k^{'}$ ?does not decrease as? $j$ ?increases and? $i$ ?is held fixed leads to a solution in? $O (N^{2})$ :

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

template <class T> using V = vector<T>;
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)

template <class T> void ckmin(T &a, const T &b) { a = min(a, b); }

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	int N;
	cin >> N;
	V<int> A(N);
	for (int &x : A) cin >> x;
	V<V<int>> dp(N, V<int>(N));
	for (int i = N - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
		dp.at(i).at(i) = A.at(i);
		int k = i - 1;
		for (int j = i + 1; j < N; ++j) {
			while (k + 1 < j && dp.at(i).at(k + 1) <= dp.at(k + 2).at(j)) ++k;
			dp[i][j] = INT_MAX;
			ckmin(dp[i][j], dp.at(k + 1).at(j));
			ckmin(dp[i][j], dp.at(i).at(k + 1));
			++dp[i][j];
		}
	}
	int64_t ans = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
		for (int j = i; j < N; ++j) {
			ans += dp.at(i).at(j);
		}
	}
	cout << ans << "\n";
}

Alternatively, finding? $k^{'}$ ?with binary search leads to a solution in? $O (N^{2} \log N)$ .

Subtask 3:?Similar to?262144, we can use binary lifting.

For each of? $v = 1, 2, 3, \dots$ , I count the number of intervals with value at least? $v$ . The answer is the sum of this quantity over all? $v$ .

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

template <class T> using V = vector<T>;
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	int N;
	cin >> N;
	V<int> A(N);
	for (int &x : A) cin >> x;
	V<V<int>> with_val;
	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
		while (size(with_val) <= A[i]) with_val.emplace_back();
		with_val.at(A[i]).push_back(i);
	}
	V<int> nex(N + 1);
	iota(all(nex), 0);
	int64_t ans = 0;
	for (int v = 1;; ++v) {
		if (nex[0] == N) {
			cout << ans << "\n";
			exit(0);
		}
		// add all intervals with value >= v
		for (int i = 0; i <= N; ++i) ans += N - nex[i];
		for (int i = 0; i <= N; ++i) nex[i] = nex[nex[i]];
		if (v < size(with_val)) {
			for (int i : with_val.at(v)) {
				nex[i] = i + 1;
			}
		}
	}
}

Subtask 4:?For each? $i$ ?from? $1$ ?to? $N$ ?in increasing order, consider the values of all intervals with right endpoint? $i$ . Note that the value? $v$ ?of each such interval must satisfy? $v \in [A_{i}, A_{i} + ⌈ \log_{2} i ⌉]$ ?due to? $A$ ?being sorted. Thus, it suffices to be able to compute for each? $v$ ?the minimum? $l$ ?such that? $d p [l] [i] \leq v$ . To do this, we maintain a partition of? $1 \dots i$ ?into contiguous subsequences such that every contiguous subsequence has value at most? $A_{i}$ ?and is leftwards-maximal (extending any subsequence one element to the left would cause its value to exceed? $A_{i}$ ). When transitioning from? $i - 1$ ?to? $i$ , we merge every two consecutive contiguous subsequences? $A_{i} - A_{i - 1}$ ?times and then add contiguous subsequence? $[i, i]$ ?to the end of the partition.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

template <class T> using V = vector<T>;
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	int N;
	cin >> N;
	vector<int> A(N);
	for (int &x : A) cin >> x;
	assert(is_sorted(all(A)));
	// left endpoints of each partition interval in decreasing order
	deque<int> left_ends;
	int64_t ans = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
		if (i) {
			for (int v = A[i - 1]; v < A[i]; ++v) {
				if (size(left_ends) == 1) break;
				// merge every two consecutive intervals in partition
				deque<int> n_left_ends;
				for (int j = 0; j < (int)size(left_ends); ++j) {
					if ((j & 1) || j + 1 == (int)size(left_ends)) {
						n_left_ends.push_back(left_ends[j]);
					}
				}
				swap(left_ends, n_left_ends);
			}
		}
		left_ends.push_front(i); // add [i,i] to partition
		int L = i + 1;
		for (int v = A[i]; L; ++v) {
			int next_L = left_ends.at(
			    min((int)size(left_ends) - 1, (1 << (v - A[i])) - 1));
			ans += (int64_t)(L - next_L) * v;
			L = next_L;
		}
	}
	cout << ans << "\n";
}

Full Credit:?Call an interval?relevant?if it is not possible to extend it to the left or to the right without increasing its value.

Claim:?The number of relevant intervals is? $O (N \log N)$ .

Proof:?See the end of the analysis.

We'll compute the same quantities as in subtask 3, but this time, we'll transition from? $v - 1$ ?to? $v$ ?in time proportional to the number of relevant intervals with value? $v - 1$ ?plus the number of relevant intervals with value? $v$ , this will give us a solution in? $O (N \log N)$ .

For a fixed value of? $v$ , say that an interval? $[l, r)$ ?is a?segment?if it contains no value greater than? $v$ , and? $min (A_{l - 1}, A_{r}) > v$ . Say that an interval is?maximal?with respect to? $v$ ?if it has value at most? $v$ ?and extending it to the left or right would cause its value to exceed? $v$ . Note that a maximal interval? $[l, r)$ ?must be relevant, and it must either have value equal to? $v$ ?or be a segment.

My code follows.? $ivals [i]$ ?stores all maximal intervals contained within the segment with left endpoint? $i$ . The following steps are used to transition from? $v - 1$ ?to? $v$ :

Apply? $halve$ ?on all segments containing more than one maximal interval (the left endpoints of every such segment are stored by? $active$ ). Before, all intervals within the segment were maximal with respect to? $v - 1$ . After, all intervals within the segment are maximal with respect to? $v$ .
Add a segment and a maximal interval of the form? $[i, i + 1)$ ?for each? $i$ ?satisfying? $A_{i} = v$ , and then merge adjacent segments.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

template <class T> using V = vector<T>;
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	int N;
	cin >> N;
	V<int> A(N);
	V<V<int>> with_A;
	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
		cin >> A[i];
		while ((int)size(with_A) <= A[i]) with_A.emplace_back();
		with_A[A[i]].push_back(i);
	}
	// sum(l ... r)
	auto sum_arith = [&](int64_t l, int64_t r) {
		return (r + l) * (r - l + 1) / 2;
	};
	// total number of intervals covered by list of maximal intervals
	auto contrib = [&](const list<pair<int, int>> &L) {
		int64_t ret = 0;
		for (auto it = begin(L);; ++it) {
			auto [x, y] = *it;
			if (next(it) == end(L)) {
				ret += sum_arith(0, y - x);
				break;
			} else {
				int next_x = next(it)->first;
				ret += int64_t(next_x - x) * y - sum_arith(x, next_x - 1);
			}
		}
		return ret;
	};
	int64_t num_at_least = (int64_t)N * (N + 1) / 2;
	auto halve = [&](list<pair<int, int>> &L) {
		if (size(L) <= 1) return;
		num_at_least += contrib(L);
		int max_so_far = -1;
		list<pair<int, int>> n_L;
		auto it = begin(L);
		for (auto [x, y] : L) {
			while (next(it) != end(L) && next(it)->first <= y) ++it;
			if (it->second > max_so_far) {
				n_L.push_back({x, max_so_far = it->second});
			}
		}
		swap(L, n_L);
		num_at_least -= contrib(L);
	};

	// doubly linked list to maintain segments
	V<int> pre(N + 1);
	iota(all(pre), 0);
	V<int> nex = pre;

	int64_t ans = 0;
	V<int> active; // active segments
	// maximal intervals within each segment
	V<list<pair<int, int>>> ivals(N + 1);

	for (int v = 1; num_at_least; ++v) {
		ans += num_at_least; // # intervals with value >= v
		V<int> n_active;
		for (int l : active) {
			halve(ivals[l]);
			if (size(ivals[l]) > 1) n_active.push_back(l);
		}
		if (v < (int)size(with_A)) {
			for (int i : with_A[v]) {
				int l = pre[i], r = nex[i + 1];
				bool should_add = size(ivals[l]) <= 1;
				pre[i] = nex[i + 1] = -1;
				nex[l] = r, pre[r] = l;
				ivals[l].push_back({i, i + 1});
				--num_at_least;
				ivals[l].splice(end(ivals[l]), ivals[i + 1]);
				should_add &= size(ivals[l]) > 1;
				if (should_add) n_active.push_back(l);
			}
		}
		swap(active, n_active);
	}
	cout << ans << "\n";
}

Proof of Claim:?Let? $f (N)$ ?denote the maximum possible number of relevant subarrays for a sequence of size? $N$ . We can show that? $f (N) \leq O (\log N!) \leq O (N \log N)$ . This upper bound can be attained when all elements of the input sequence are equal.

The idea is to consider a?Cartesian tree?of? $a$ . Specifically, suppose that one of the maximum elements of? $a$ ?is located at position? $p$ ?( $1 \leq p \leq N$ ). Then

f (N) \leq f (p ? 1) + f (N ? p) + # (relevant intervals containing? p) .

WLOG we may assume? $2 p \leq N$ .

Lemma:

# (relevant intervals containing? p) \leq O (p log (N p))

Proof of Lemma:?We can in fact show that

# (relevant intervals containing? p ?with value? a p + k) \leq min (p, 2 k) : 0 \leq k \leq ? log 2 N ? .

The? $p$ ?comes from all relevant intervals with a fixed value having distinct left endpoints and the? $2^{k}$ ?comes from the fact that to generate a relevant interval of value? $a_{p} + k + 1$ ?containing? $p$ , you must start with a relevant interval of value? $a_{p} + k$ ?and choose to extend it either to the right or to the left.

To finish, observe that the summation? $\sum_{k = 0}^{⌈ \log_{2} N ⌉} # (relevant intervals containing p with value a_{p} + k)$ ?is dominated by the terms satisfying? $\log_{2} p \leq k \leq ⌈ \log_{2} N ⌉$ .? $◼$

Since? $O (p \log \frac{N}{p}) \leq O (\log (\binom{N}{p})) \leq O (\log \frac{N!}{(p - 1)! (N - p)!})$ , the claim follows from the lemma by induction:

f (N) \leq f (p ? 1) + f (N ? p) + # (relevant intervals containing? p) \leq O (log (p ? 1)!) + O (log (N ? p)!) + O (log N! ? log (p ? 1)! ? log (N ? p)!) \leq O (log N!) .

Here is an alternative approach by Danny Mittal that uses both the idea from the subtask 4 solution and the Cartesian tree. He repeatedly finds the index of the rightmost maximum? $a_{m i d}$ ?of the input sequence, solves the problem recursively on? $a_{1 \dots m i d - 1}$ ?and? $a_{m i d + 1 \dots N}$ , and then adds the contribution of all intervals containing? $a_{m i d}$ . This also runs in? $O (N \log N)$ .

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.*;
 
public class Revisited262144Array {
    static int n;
    static int[] xs;
 
    static int[] left;
    static int[] right;
 
    static int[] forward;
    static int[] reverse;
 
    static long answer = 0;
 
    public static int reduceForward(int start, int length, int lgFactor) {
        if (lgFactor == 0) {
            return length;
        }
        int factor = 1 << Math.min(lgFactor, 20);
        int j = start;
        for (int k = start + factor - 1; k < start + length - 1; k += factor) {
            forward[j++] = forward[k];
        }
        forward[j++] = forward[start + length - 1];
        return j - start;
    }
 
    public static void reduceReverse(int start, int length, int lgFactor) {
        if (lgFactor == 0) {
            return;
        }
        int factor = 1 << Math.min(lgFactor, 20);
        if (length > factor) {
            int j = start + 1;
            for (int k = start + 1 + ((length - factor - 1) % factor); k < start + length; k += factor) {
                reverse[j++] = reverse[k];
            }
        }
    }
 
    public static int funStuff(int from, int mid, int to, int riseTo) {
        if (from > to) {
            return 0;
        }
        int leftLength = funStuff(from, left[mid], mid - 1, xs[mid]);
        int rightLength = funStuff(mid + 1, right[mid], to, xs[mid]);
        int leftStart = from;
        int rightStart = mid + 1;
        int last = mid - 1;
        for (int j = 1; j <= rightLength + 1; j++) {
            int frontier = j > 1 ? forward[rightStart + (j - 2)] : mid;
            long weight = frontier - last;
            last = frontier;
            int lastInside = mid + 1;
            int leftLast = leftLength == 0 ? mid : reverse[leftStart];
            for (int d = 0; d <= 18 && lastInside > leftLast; d++) {
                if (1 << d >= j) {
                    int frontierInside;
                    if (1 << d == j) {
                        frontierInside = mid;
                    } else if (1 << d <= j + leftLength) {
                        frontierInside = reverse[leftStart + leftLength + j - (1 << d)];
                    } else {
                        frontierInside = leftLast;
                    }
                    long weightInside = lastInside - frontierInside;
                    lastInside = frontierInside;
                    answer += weight * weightInside * ((long) (xs[mid] + d));
                }
            }
        }
        forward[leftStart + leftLength] = mid;
        System.arraycopy(forward, rightStart, forward, leftStart + leftLength + 1, rightLength);
        reverse[leftStart + leftLength] = mid;
        System.arraycopy(reverse, rightStart, reverse, leftStart + leftLength + 1, rightLength);
        int length = reduceForward(leftStart, leftLength + 1 + rightLength, riseTo - xs[mid]);
        reduceReverse(leftStart, leftLength + 1 + rightLength, riseTo - xs[mid]);
        return length;
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        n = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
        StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(in.readLine());
        xs = new int[n];
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            xs[j] = Integer.parseInt(tokenizer.nextToken());
        }
        left = new int[n];
        right = new int[n];
        ArrayDeque<Integer> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            while (!stack.isEmpty() && xs[stack.peek()] <= xs[j]) {
                left[j] = stack.pop();
            }
            if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
                right[stack.peek()] = j;
            }
            stack.push(j);
        }
        while (stack.size() > 1) {
            stack.pop();
        }
        forward = new int[n];
        reverse = new int[n];
        funStuff(0, stack.pop(), n - 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        System.out.println(answer);
    }
}

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