• The scientific community works together to ensure that the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts are kept as up to date as possible
  • This comes from continuous experimenting based on evolving knowledge and new developments in technology

• For example, one of the early models of the atom was the 'plum pudding model' by JJ Thompson
  • Emerging evidence later found by Ernest Rutherford established that most of the atom was actually empty space
  • This lead to an evolved understanding of what the atom looks like, which is still being investigated to this day

• Scientists?ask questions, suggest answers (hypothesise) then?test?these suggestions
  • This is known as the?scientific process

The Scientific Process

1. Ask a question about why something happens or how it works e.g. why does light diffract?
2. Suggest an answer by forming a?theory?(a possible explanation of the observation) e.g. light is a wave
   • This could also be in the form of a?model?or a simplified picture of what is physically going on e.g. the spreading out of waves
3. Make a?prediction?or?hypothesis
   • This is a?testable?statement, based on the theory, about what will happen if it is tested
   • For example, if light is a wave, it is expected to reflect and refract
4. Carry out an?experiment?to test the hypothesis
   • This will provide clear evidence to support the initial prediction
   • For example, investigating the reflection and refraction of light - if the experiment doesn't match the theory, the theory must change

Validating Scientific Knowledge

• A theory is only scientific if it can be tested
• Any pieces of experiment evidence must?be?published
  • This is often in scientific journals and reports (papers)

• The papers are?peer-reviewed?by the scientific community in the same field
  • Other scientists examine the data and results, ensuring that there has been a fair test and the conclusion from the results is reasonable
  • This also ensures that work published in journals is of a good standard

• This process helps?validate scientific knowledge?and ensure?integrity?(trustworthiness)
  • Scientists can be dishonest or?biased, leading to invalid conclusions from their experiments
  • For example, manipulating the data to fit with their hypothesis
• Peer-review isn't perfect, and often independent scientists test the theory themselves to cross-check the results and make sure the original results weren't just a 'fluke'
• If the evidence then supports a theory, the theory is accepted (for now)
  • If many experiments back this theory with good evidence, and it is not yet deemed incorrect, then the theory is considered a scientific 'fact'

• However, scientific theories are never?indisputable
  • There can be breakthroughs and advances to provide new ways to test the theory which could lead to new evidence and?conflicts
  • When this happens, the testing happens all over again, the?theory?is?adapted?to the?new evidence?found
  • The best theories are those that scientists are continuously trying to poke holes in and test thoroughly. If the theories survive many different tests, then it is more?trusted

• The nature of scientific knowledge is therefore continuously changing and evolving