Chi-squared Test The?difference between expected and observed results?in experiments can be statistically significant or insignificant (happened by chance) If the difference between results is stat...
Monohybrid Crosses Monohybrid inheritance looks at how the?alleles for a single gene are passed on from one generation to the next Known information about the?genotypes,?phenotypes?and the process ...
Pedigree Diagrams Family pedigree diagrams can be used to trace the?pattern of inheritance?of a specific trait, e.g. a genetic disorder,?through generations of a family Pedigree diagrams can provid...
Inheritance: Key Terms Genes & alleles A?chromosome?is a long DNA molecule which contains?genes?that?code for several different proteins A?gene?is a length of DNA that codes for a single?polype...
Mutations A?gene mutation?is a change in the sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule that may result in an altered polypeptide Mutations occur?continuously?and?spontaneously Errors in the DNA ofte...
DNA Replication Before?a (parent) cell?divides, it needs to?copy the DNA?contained within it Doubling the DNA?ensures that the two new (daughter) cells produced will both receive?full copies of the...
Practical: Investigating the Effect of Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations Enzyme concentration Enzyme concentration affects the rate of reaction The?higher?the?enzyme concentration?in a reaction m...
Mode of Enzyme Action Enzymes are?globular proteins This means their?3D?shape?(as well as the shape of the?active site?of an enzyme) is determined by the complex tertiary structure of the protein t...
Enzymes as Catalysts Enzymes are?biological catalysts ‘Biological’ because they function in?living systems ‘Catalysts’ because they?speed up the rate of chemical reactions?without being?used up?or ...
